There is conflicting evidence supporting the use of hypothermia and its effectiveness in decreasing the risk of poor outcomes with children post ABI.
There is Level 1 evidence that use of hypertonic saline in the ICU setting results in a lower frequency of multiple early complications and a shorter ICU stay compared with ringer’s lactate.
There is Level 5 evidence that food texture and the person feeding are important factors when feeding a person post acquired brain injury.
There is Level 4 evidence that behavioural therapies for children with ABI are effective at reducing or eliminating problematic behaviours. Little is currently known with respect to family factors that influence treatment, behavioural therapies for preschool children, and therapy for behaviours beyond the scope of externalizing problems.
There is Level 1 evidence that programmes specifically designed to deal with cognitive impairments following brain injury are beneficial for the improvement of attention for a paediatric population. Little is currently known with respect to generalization of cognitive functioning beyond test-specific skills assessed in the studies.
There is Level 1 evidence from two RCTs that have found programs designed to deal with cognitive impairments do improve aspects of sustained attention, selective attention and memory.
Little is currently known with respect to generalization of cognitive functioning beyond test-specific skills assessed in the studies.
There is Level 2 evidence that intellectual function is significantly increased with cognitive rehabilitation. Little is currently known with respect to generalization of cognitive functioning beyond test-specific skills assessed in the studies.
There has been little research examining the remediation of executive functioning abilities of children following brain injury. Little is currently known with respect to generalization of cognitive functioning beyond test-specific skills assessed in the studies.
Based on the findings of a single RCT with a small sample size, there is Level 2 evidence that injury-related information interventions do not improve knowledge or awareness of injury-related deficits, memory function or behavioural problems in children.
There is Level 4 evidence that suggest that cognitive therapies for children with ABI lead to improved cognitive functioning.
There is Level 4 evidence that peer-group training of pragmatic language skills may benefit children with communication deficits following brain injury.
There is Level 1 evidence (from one RCT) that web-based programs are effective in reducing depression symptomology, the internalizing of problems and the number of parent-adolescent conflicts.
There is Level 2 evidence to suggest that family-based interventions may be more beneficial for improving outcomes of children with brain injury than usual, clinician-directed care based on the results of two RCTs.
There is moderate Level 2 evidence that web-based systems can improve problem-solving abilities for the child with brain injury, as well as the family members.
There is Level 4 evidence that a multidisciplinary outpatient program may improve functional abilities following brain injury for children.
It has been suggested that interventions directed at strengthening the social interactions of children with brain injury may be beneficial; however, more research is required prior to making a more definitive conclusion.
There is Level 1 evidence that amantadine improves the level of consciousness in children post ABI.
There is Level 2 evidence that the use of amantadine can decrease the amount of behaviours among ABI children.
There is Level 3 evidence that amantadine facilitates rate recovery post-traumatic brain injury.
There is Level 1 evidence based on three RCTs that administration of dexamethasone inhibits endogenous production of glucocorticoids and has no proven impact on recovery post brain injury.
There is Level 1 evidence, from one RCT, that amantadine and pramipexole improves the levels of consciousness in TBI children and adolescents.
There is Level 4 evidence that dopamine-enhancing drugs facilitate rate recovery post-traumatic brain injury.
Based on two small conflicting RCTs there is inconclusive evidence that methylphenidate interventions improved cognitive behavioural function in children post acquired brain injury.
There is Level 5 evidence that upper limb lycra splints improve the quality of movement in some individuals with traumatic brain injury.
There is Level 4 evidence that Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) is an effective treatment for children and adolescents with upper limb spasticity.
There is Level 1 evidence that home-based exercise programs improve motor function among children with a TBI or CP.
There is Level 4 evidence regarding the successful implementation of constraint induced movement therapy CIMT in children.
Studies have noted that the lack of visual response at ophthalmologic examinations of SBS individuals may lead to fatal outcomes.
The presence of poor papillary response, the presence of a RH, a midline shift, circular perimacular retinal folds and peripheral retinschisis may be more likely to lead to fatal outcomes among individuals with SBS.
There is Level 1 evidence supporting the role of education programs on infant crying for new or young parents.
